Effects of local administration of insulin-like growth factor-i on mandibular condylar growth in rats

Effects of local administration of insulin-like growth factor-I on mandibular condy-
lar growth in rats
Kouichi Itoh, Shoichi Suzuki and Takayuki Kuroda
Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Maxillofacial Reconstruction Division of Maxillofacial/Neck ReconstructionGraduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Endochondral bone formation observed at the
Introduction
mandibular condyle is regulated by various
growth factors including insulin-like growth factor-
Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is produced and I (IGF-I). In this paper, we describe a method for the
secreted in the liver and other local tissues upon stim- local administration of IGF-I to the bilateral
ulation by growth hormone, and promotes the growth of mandibular articular cavities of 3- and 12-week-old
various tissues such as bone and cartilage.1,2 rats, and the effects of IGF-I on endochondral
According to previous studies, IGF-I contributes to the bone formation by histomorphometric techniques.
growth of longitudinal bones by stimulating endochon- In 3-week-old IGF-I-treated rats, three days after
dral bone formation in the growth plate.3,4 administration, an increase in bone tissue was
Recently, several roles of IGF-I in the growth of found in the area of the subchondral cancellous
mandibular condyle have been examined. Maor et al.5-7 bone layer.
reported that IGF-I facilitated the proliferation of carti- In 12-week-old IGF-I-treated rats, three days
laginous cells in mouse condyle in vitro by adding IGF- after administration, an increase in the thickness of
I to the culture medium. Furthermore, Visnapuu et al.8 the condylar cartilage and a decrease in bone tis-
revealed the distribution of IGF-I receptors in the sue were observed in the area of the subchondral
mandibular condyle of rats by immunohistological and cancellous bone layer.
in situ hybridization experiments. These results indi- This study revealed that the local administration
cated that IGF-I probably also played important roles in of IGF-I on mandibular condyle caused different
histological changes between growth and matura-
Several previous reports have shown that local or tion periods. These results indicated that the
systemic extrinsic administration of IGF-I caused his- effects of IGF-I on endochondral bone formation in
tological changes in the growth plate, and enhanced the mandibular condyle were age-dependent.
long axial growth of longitudinal bone.9-14 However, toour knowledge, there have been no similar studies on Key words:
mandibular condylar cartilage in vivo.
The purpose of this study was to establish a method for local administration into the mandibular condyle of rats, and to investigate the histological Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Maxillofacial Reconstruction, Division of changes in the condyle after the local administration of Maxillofacial/Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University.
5-45, Yushima 1-chome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan.
Tel 03-5803-5538 Fax 03-5803-0203E-mail k-itoh.mort@tmd.ac.jpReceived October 18, 2002; Accepted January 14, 2003 Materials and methods
Nussloch, Germany). Decalcified ground sectionswere then prepared and used for histological observa- Hormones and chemicals
tion. We followed the example of Noguchi15 in defining Bacteria-derived human recombinant insulin-like growth factor I (rhIGF-I, R & D Systems, Minneapolis, The condyles on the right side were dehydrated MN) was dissolved in physiological saline to a concen- through a series of increasing concentrations of tration of 20 Òg/ml. It was the lowest dose which could ethanol (to 100%), filtered, and embedded in acrylic observe histological changes in our earlier study.
resin (LR white resin, The London Resin Co. Ltd., UK).
Tetracycline and calcein were purchased from Wako Before being embedded in acrylic resin, three reference points (A, the anterior edge between the cartilage andbone; B, the posterior edge between the cartilage and bone; and C, the midpoint of A and B on the uppermost Thirty 3-week-old and 20 12-week-old male articular surface in the sagittal dimension) were Sprague-Dawley rats (Sankyo Lab Service Co., Inc., marked directly points could be defined under the Tokyo, Japan) were used in this study. They were divid- microscope, the coordinate axis (X-axis, line AB; Y-axis, ed into control and treatment groups and weighed once perpendicular line through the midpoint of AB) in each section could be easily aligned (Fig. 2a, b). Thecondyles on the left side were decalcified with 2% Procedure for administration
formic acid for one week and embedded in glycol- The animals were anesthetized intraperitoneally methacrylate resin (Historesin, Leica Microsystems, with sodium pentobarbital. After the articular capsule of Nussloch, Germany) on each condyle using white the temporomandibular joints was exposed, the tip of a paint. The tissue block was trimmed with a microtome needle (27-gauge 0.75-inch, Terumo, Tokyo, Japan) on so that the three reference points could be lined up on a tuberculin syringe was inserted into the articular cap- the same plane. The oriented plane of the tissue sule, and the drug solution was injected slowly. The block was bonded to the plastic slide glass and animals in the treatment group were administered ground manually. The thickness of the ground section 0.02ml saline solution of IGF-I. The animals in the con- trol group were administered an equivalent volume of Undecalcified ground sections were used for fluo- physiological saline. Ten 3-week-old male Sprague- rescent microscopy. The growth rate of endochondral Dawley rats were used for a fluorescent-labeling bone formation could be calculated by measuring the study. Two hours before the administration of IGF-I or distance between the calcein and tetracycline labels saline, each rat was given 8 mg/kg tetracycline intraperitoneally for the fluorescent labeling of bone.
They were killed on the third day after administration.
Five hours before killing, a second fluorescent label,calcein (3 mg/kg), was given intraperitoneally. On thethird, fifth and seventh days after administration, 3-week-old rats were killed with an overdose of sodiumpentobarbital, while 12-week-old rats were killed in thesame way on the third and fifth days. All proceduresused in this experiments were approved by an institu-tional committee on animal experimentation.
Preparation of sections and histomorphometric
measurements
After killing, the mandibular condyles were dissected out and immersed in Karnovsky’s fixative solution (pH7.2) for three days. Fig. 1. Cellular organization of the mandibular
The condyles on the left side were decalcified with condyle of rat. A, articular zone; E, embryonic 2% formic acid for one week and embedded in glycol- zone; T, transitional zone; and H, hypertrophic methacrylate resin (Historesin, Leica Microsystems, LOCAL ADMINISTRATION OF IGF-I ON MANDIBULAR CONDYLE square was positioned so that its vertical edge was par-allel to the Y-axis of the section, and its upper horizon-tal edge was placed on the upper edge of the cartilagelacuna which initially opened to the bone marrow (Fig.
2b).
To statistically examine differences in the increase in body weight, the growth rate of endochondral bone for-mation, the thickness of the cartilaginous layer and thepercentage of bone area in the subchondral cancellousbone layer between the IGF-I and control groups,Student’s t-test was performed using Stat View(Abacus Concepts, Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA).
Body weight
No significant difference in the increase in body weight was found between the control and IGF-Igroups at 3 or 12 weeks of age.
Histological observation
In the IGF-I group at 3 weeks of age, three days after administration, more osteogenesis was observedaround the calcified cartilage spicules in the subchon-dral cancellous bone area than in the control group(Fig. 3a, b). However, seven days after administration, Fig. 2. a) Schematic drawing of section from mandibular condyle.
no significant difference was seen in the subchondral Point A, the anterior edge between the cartilage and bone; Point B, the posterior edge between the cartilage and bone; and Point C, the In the IGF-I group at 12 weeks of age, three days midpoint of A and B on the uppermost articular surface in the sagit- after administration, a significant increase in the thick- tal dimension; X-axis, line AB; Y-axis, perpendicular line through themidpoint of AB; line a, fluorescent label of tetracycline; line b, fluo- ness of the cartilaginous layer, especially the thickness rescent label of calcein. Vertical arrow indicated the measurement of of the hypertrophic chondrocyte layer, was seen and Interlabel width of the double fluorescent labels. b) Schematic draw- the area of the subchondral cancellous bone layer in ing of section from mandibular condyle. Vertical arrow indicated the each bone spicule was reduced (Fig. 3c, d).
thickness of the cartilaginous layer of the condyle. Measurement ofbone area was made in the black square.
Thickness of the cartilaginous layer of the
condyle
After the growth rate was calculated, undecalcified There was no significant difference between the con- sections were stained with a 1.0% aqueous solution of trol and IGF-I groups at 3 weeks of age (Fig. 4a). In the Azure A (pH 5.4) and counterstained with a 0.7% aque- IGF-I group, at 12 weeks of age, the thickness of the ous solution of Toluidine blue O (pH 6.8). cartilaginous layer was increased to 125% of the con- The thickness of the cartilaginous layer was mea- trol group at three days after administration.
sured along the Y-axis using a micrometer (Fig. 2b). To However, it then decreased to the control level by five evaluate the activity of bone formation in the subchon- days after administration (Fig. 4b).
dral cancellous bone layer, the ratio of bone area to thetotal tissue (percentage of the bone area) within a Growth rate of endochondral bone in 3-week-old
The average growth rate of endochondral bone in the Scope, Mitani Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). The IGF-I group was 0.28 mm/day, while that in the control Fig. 3. Area of the subchondral cancellous bone layer in the mandibular condyle. a) 3-week-old rat at 3 days after IGF-I admin-
istration; b) 3-week-old control rat at 3 days after administration; c) 12-week -old rat at 3 days after IGF-I administration; d) 12-week-
old control rat at 3 days after administration. Arrowhead, bone tissue in the subchondral cancellous bone layer; bar = 100 Òm.
group was 0.29 mm/day. This difference was not sig- cellous bone layer showed a distinct increase at three days after administration, and then decreased to thecontrol level by seven days after administration (Fig.
Measurement of bone area in the subchondral
5a). In the control group at 12 weeks of age, the per- cancellous bone layer
centage of bone in the subchondral cancellous bone In the control group, at 3 weeks of age, the percent- layer was approximately 33%, and this did not change age of bone area in the subchondral cancellous bone during the experimental period. In the IGF-I group, the layer slightly increased with time. In the IGF-I group, percentage of bone decreased to 65% of the control the percentage of bone area in the subchondral can- group at three days after administration, and then LOCAL ADMINISTRATION OF IGF-I ON MANDIBULAR CONDYLE Fig. 4. Change in the thickness of the cartilaginous layer in 3-(a) and
Fig. 5. Change in the percentage of bone area in the subchondral
12-week-old rats (b) treated with either IGF-I or physiological saline cancellous bone layer in 3-(a) and 12-week-old rats (b) treated with solution. In the control group, there was no significant difference. In either IGF-I or physiological saline solution. In the control group, at 3 the IGF-I group, at 12 weeks of age, the thickness of the cartilaginous weeks of age, the percentage of bone area in the subchondral can- layer was increased to 125% of the control group at three days after cellous bone layer slightly increased with time (not significant), and, at 12 weeks of age, there was no significant difference. In the IGF-Igroup, at 3 weeks of age, the percentage of bone area showed a dis-tinct increase at three days after administration and, at 12 weeks ofage, the percentage of bone decreased to 65% of the control group recovered to the control level by five days after Discussion
In previous studies, where IGF-I or growth hormone was administered to the growth plate of longitudinal The mandibular condyle is one of the main growth bone, the pituitary gland was excised from the experi- sites of the mandible and is located on both ends of the mental animals beforehand.9-11,22,23 Since the aim of mandible.16-21 The condylar head is covered with the these studies was to investigate the direct effect of articular capsule, and the embryonic cellular layer growth factors on tissues, it was necessary to eliminate supplying cartilaginous cells is immediately under the the influence of endogenous growth factors.
perichondrium in the articular surface of the condyle.
However, further purpose of our study was to obtain the Therefore, the administration of drugs into the articular therapeutic effects of the local administration of cavity should be useful for accessing immature cells in growth factors on the condylar growth of the patient.
the embryonic zone. Considering these condylar Therefore, we did not remove the pituitary gland in our structures anatomically, the condyle is extremely study to investigate the influence of the IGF-I under advantageous for the local administration of drugs.
Furthermore, the method used in this experiment was Suzuki24 measured the amount of condylar growth in 3- to 10-week-old rats using a vital stain method, and days after the local administration of IGF-I in 3-week- reported that the amount of growth was greatest in 3- old rat condyle, the bone area gradually decreased and week-old rats: approximately 1.5 times greater than that returned to the same level as in the control group by in 6-week-old rats, and 4.5 times greater than that in seven days after administration. These results suggest 10-week-old rats. Thus, the construction of tissue in the that the effect of IGF-I seen in this study may not have condyle during the growth period probably differs from been due to an acceleration of maturation, but rather that during maturation. Durkin et al.25 distinguished the was a transient effect of IGF-I on the cells involved in characteristics of the condylar cartilage in mature rats from those in growing rats, and reported that they In 12-week-old rat condyle, the local administration of responded differently to external stimulation. At the IGF-I caused an increase in the thickness of cartilagi- completion of condylar growth, the replacement of nous layer and a decrease in bone area in the sub- cartilage with bone by endochondral bone formation is chondral cancellous bone layer. These findings are terminated, and the condylar cartilage changes from opposite the histological changes seen in normal mat- growth cartilage to articular cartilage. Therefore, in this uration in the condyle, since the thickness of the carti- study, by establishing two stages of different ages laginous zone decreased and the bone area in the sub- (growth and maturation periods), the influence of the chondral cancellous bone layer increased with matu- local administration of IGF-I on tissue in each period ration in the normal condyle. The histological changes was examined using histomorphometric methods. in this study suggest that the condylar cartilage may be In this study, the percentage of bone area in the sub- stopped from converting to articular cartilage and has chondral cancellous bone layer was slight, but gradu- characteristics of growth cartilage upon resuming ally increased in 3-week-old control rats. However, in endochondral bone formation, although further the IGF-I-treated group, a significant increase in bone detailed histo-quantitative evaluation is necessary. area was recognized at three days after administration.
In conclusion, this study suggests that the local Maor et al.5 found no increase in bone area in IGF-I- administration of IGF-I may make it possible for the treated neonatal condyles in vitro. This difference mandibular condyle to continue growing even after nor- may be due to the difference in the experimental con- mal growth is complete. However, it may be difficult to ditions (in vitro vs. in vivo). further accelerate mandibular condylar growth in the Spencer et al.10 reported that when IGF-I was intra- arterially administered to the growth plate of the proxi-mal tibia in 6-week- and 3-month-old rats, there werealmost no histological changes in the growth plate in 6- Acknowledgements
week-old rats. They concluded that the administrationof an overdose of IGF-I to the growth plate in rapidly This study was supported in part by a Giant-in-Aid for growing rats dose not further facilitate changes com- Scientific Research (10307052) from the Ministry of pared to its effects in mature rats. In our study, the Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan. We local administration of IGF-I to 3-week-old rat condyle are grateful to the Research Facilities for Laboratory caused no change in the amount of endochondral bone Animal Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University growth or the thickness of the cartilaginous layer.
This might be because condylar growth at this age wasso rapid that the administration of excessive IGF-Icould not induce further growth. References
In 3-week-old rat condyle, although no significant dif- Isaksson OGP, Ohlsson C, Bengtsson BA, et al. GH and bone ferences in the width of the cartilaginous layer or the -Experimental and clinical studies. Endocr J amount of endochondral bone growth were seen in Ohlsson C, Vidal O. Effects of growth hormone and insulin-like comparison with the control group, increased bone tis- growth factors on human osteoblasts. Eur J Clin Invest sue was seen at the primary subchondral cancellous bone layer. Suzuki24 reported that, in the normal Scheven BAA, Hamilton N. Longitudinal bone growth in vitro: condyle, the percentage of bone area in the subchon- effects of insulin- like growth factor I and growth hormone.
Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1991;124:602-7.
dral cancellous bone layer increased with aging. In this Schlechter NL, Russell SM, Spencer EM, et al. Evidence sug- study, although an increase in bone area in the sub- gesting that the direct growth-promoting effect of growth hor- chondral cancellous bone layer was observed at three mone on cartilage in vivo is mediated by local production of LOCAL ADMINISTRATION OF IGF-I ON MANDIBULAR CONDYLE somatomedin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986;83:7932-4.
Schoenle E, Zapf J, Humbel RE, et al. Insuline-like growth fac- Maor G, Hochberg Z, Silbermann M. Insulin-like growth factor tor I stimulate growth on hypophysectomized rats. Nature I accelerates proliferation and differentiation of cartilage progenitor cells in cultures of neonatal mandibular condyles.
Noguchi K. Effects of extrinsic forces on the mandibular Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1993;128:56-64.
condyle of the young rat - Observations using 3H-thymidine Maor G, Laron Z, Eshet R, et al. The early postnatal develop- autoradiography-. Kokubyo Gakkai zasshi 1970;37:222-41.
ment of the murine mandibular condyle is regulated by Enlow DH. Handbook of Facial Growth, ed 2. Philadelphia: endogenous insulin-like growth factor-I. J Endocrinol Scott JH. Dentofacial Development and Growth. London: Maor G, Hochberg Z, Silbermann M. Growth hormone stimu- late the growth of mouse neonatal condylar cartilage in vitro.
Sarnat BG. Facial and neurocranial growth after removal of Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1989;120:526-32. the mandibular condyle in the macaca rhesus monkey. Am J Visnapuu V, Peltomäki T, Rönning O, et al. Growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor I receptors in the temporo- 19. Robinson IB, Sarnat BG. Growth pattern of the pig mandible.
mandibular joint of the rat. J Dent Res 2001;80:1903-7. Hunzilker EB, Wanger J, Zapf J. Differential effects of insuline- Symons NBB. Studies on the growth and form of the like growth factor I and growth hormone on developmental stages of rat growth plate chondrocytes in vivo. J Clin Invest Weinmann JP, Socher D. Bone and bones. St. Louis: The Spencer EM, Liu CC, Si CC, et al. In vivo actions of insulin-like Yamamoto M. Effects of human growth hormone on growth factor-I (IGF-I) on bone formation and resorption in mandibular condyle growth of the rat. J Fukuoka Dent Coll Isaksson OGP, Londahl A, Nilsson A, et al. Mechanism of the Isaksson OGP, Jansson JO, Gause IAM. Growth hormone stimulatory effect of growth hormone on longitudinal bone stimulate longitudinal bone growth directly. Science growth. Endocrin Reviews 1987;8:426-38.
Isgaard J, Nilsson A, Lindahl A, et al. Effects of local adminis- Suzuki S. Histomorphometric study on growing condyle of rat.
tration of GH and IGF-1 on longitudinal bone growth in rats.
Bull Tokyo Med Dent Univ 1986;33:23-34.
Am J Physiol 1986;250(Endocrinol Metab 13):E367-72.
Durkin JF, Heeley JD, Irving JT. The cartilage of the Russell SM, Spencer EM. Local injections of human or rat mandibular condyle. Oral Sci Rev 1973;2:29-99.
growth hormone or of purified human somatomedine-C stim-ulate unilateral tibial epiphyseal growth in hypersectomizedrats. Endocrinology 1985;116:2563-7.

Source: http://lib.tmd.ac.jp/jmd/5001/11_ito.pdf